The mechanism and treatment of myofascial pain syndrome

This review aims to summarize the pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, and recent advancements in the treatment of myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) to enhance the understanding and guide treatment strategies, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy and therapeutic outcomes. Relevant literature was retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang, and VIP databases using the keywords "myofascial pain syndrome," "mechanism," and "treatment progress." A total of 119 articles were screened, of which 78 were included for analysis. We focused on the pathogenesis, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, and treatment progress of MPS, reporting that the primary factors contributing to MPS include poor nutrition, metabolic disorders, psychological stress, chronic strain, and sleep disturbances. The underlying mechanisms, encompassing aseptic inflammation, skeletal muscle ischemia and hypoxia, and progressive fascial densification, further perpetuate the chronicity of symptoms. Diagnosis is established through a comprehensive evaluation comprising medical history, physical examination, palpation, and imaging modalities. Therapeutic strategies span pharmacological interventions, physical rehabilitation, minimally invasive procedures, traditional Chinese medicine, and psychological therapies, each offering a distinct yet complementary approach to symptom management. Given the complexity of MPS, an integrative, multidisciplinary framework, incorporating precise diagnostic methodologies and a combination of pharmacological, physical, and psychological interventions, is essential for optimizing clinical outcomes. Future research should be directed toward refining treatment paradigms, enhancing therapeutic efficacy, and ensuring long-term safety.