Key result
Hibiscus sabdariffa and Zanthoxylum armatum extracts significantly reduced murine norovirus plaque formation, viral replication, and cell attachment compared to untreated controls.
Why the study?
Noroviruses cause most cases of viral gastroenteritis worldwide, and plant extracts possess antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and adhesive properties associated with barrier functions.
Do methanolic extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Zanthoxylum armatum reduce viral plaque formation in murine norovirus?
Do methanolic extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Zanthoxylum armatum reduce viral plaque formation in murine norovirus?
Methanolic extracts of Hibiscus sabdariffa and Zanthoxylum armatum significantly reduce murine norovirus plaque formation by disrupting viral replication and cell attachment in vitro.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Hypothesis-generating for norovirus antivirals; leaves open clinical translation pending human studies.
Noroviruses are positive-sense, single-stranded, non-enveloped RNA virus that measures approximately 27 - 35 nm in diameter. It affects humans of all ages and races causing most cases of viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Infection results from ingestion of contaminated food or water as well as causing diarrhea and vomiting in humans. Extracts from plants are known to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and adhesive properties which are associated with barrier functions. The aim of this study was to elucidate whether plaque reduction was due to an effect of methanolic plant extract directly on the virus, whether the extract affects viral replication, and lastly, whether the extract disrupts the cell surface binding with the virus. The plant extracts of interest were the calyces of Hibiscus sabdariffa (HS) and the seeds of Zanthoxylum armatum (ZA). Antiviral activities of these extracts were determined against murine norovirus. The logarithmic viral reduction per plaque-forming unit was (22 log10) PFU/ml (control), (15 log10) PFU/ml (treated HS), and (12 log10) PFU/ml (treated ZA) with a significant reduction (68% and 55% respectively) when compared with the control for the direct effect on the virus. The role of extracts on virus replication showed (25 log10) PFU/ml (control) as against the HS treated-virus-infected cells (9 log10) PFU/ml and ZA treated-virus-infected cells (5 log10) PFU/ml (36% and 20% respectively). Finally, effect of the extract on the viral attachment showed (31 log10) PFU/ml (control), (12 log10) (HS-treated) and (9 log10) PFU/ml (ZA-treated), (39% and 29% respectively. Extract treatment with HS and ZA has shown evidence of a reduced number of plaques formation with the latter having fewer plaques. Both extracts have proven potential to reduce the viral multiplication process by interfering with the replication process. This study shows that Hibiscus sabdariffa (calyces) and Zanthoxylum armatum (seed) extracts disrupt murine norovirus from consistent viral replication.
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Iloghalu et al. (2022) studied Murine norovirus infection (in vitro). Hibiscus sabdariffa and Zanthoxylum armatum methanolic extracts vs. Untreated control was evaluated on Logarithmic viral reduction per plaque-forming unit (direct effect on virus) (55% reduction for ZA, 68% reduction for HS, p=<0.05). Hibiscus sabdariffa and Zanthoxylum armatum extracts significantly reduced murine norovirus plaque formation, viral replication, and cell attachment compared to untreated controls.
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