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The superposition of intermolecular interactions and extrinsic forces can be used to control the properties of self-assembled materials. On page 369 Samuel I. Stupp and co-workers investigate the role of electric fields during the interfacial self-assembly of a hierar-chically ordered membrane from oppositely charged molecules and demonstrate profound changes in the growth rate and orientation, as well as properties.
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Velichko et al. (2012) studied this question.
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