All-pass filters based on CCII− and CCCII−

This paper proposes a first-order all-pass filter using one negative type second-generation current conveyor (CCII−), two resistors and a capacitor. From the proposed CCII− based filter, by replacing the CCII− and a resistor by a negative second-generation current-controlled conveyor (CCCII−) a new filter is developed which requires only one each of CCCII−, capacitor and resistor. The experimental and simulated results are found in good agreement with theoretical analysis. The circuits are also analyzed for non-ideal current conveyors to show that they still function as all-pass filters but with slight altered values of gain and phase.