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From simple microscopic considerations we propose an expression for the frictional force in granular materials. This force has very nonlinear behavior as a function of the shear rate. The mechanism we propose predicts the existence of a characteristic shear rate, 0 , which separates regions of stable from unstable flow. Our formulation can explain the hysteresis phenomena commonly observed in granular materials.
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Jaeger et al. (1990) studied this question.
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