Altered chronic glycemic control in a clinically relevant model of rat thoracic spinal contusion

Figures

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  Figure 1. Body weight and composition measurements (A) Body mass for naïve and SCI, chow and HFD-fed rats measured before and 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after injury. (B) Fat mass measured before and 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after injury. (C) Lean mass for naïve and SCI, chow and HFD-fed rats before and 4, 8, 12 and 16 weeks after injury as measured by echoMRI. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined with three‐way analysis of variance for main effects. Analysis of each time point was determined by two-way analysis of variance for main effects; *P<0.05, ****P<0.0001.

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  Figure 2. Whole body glycemic measurements (A) Blood glucose measurements from the GTT using 1.5 mg/kg dextrose injected intraperitoneally after fasting bleed at T = 0. T=15, **P(diet)< 0.01, T=30, ##P(diet)< 0.01, T=45,&&P(diet)< 0.01, T=60, $$P(diet)< 0.01.(B) Area under the curve (AUC) for GTT shown in (A). (C) Blood glucose measurements following insulin tolerance test. (D) AUC for ITT shown in panel (C). (E) Blood glucose at 0 and 15 min following mixed nutrient ENSURE gavage. (F) Insulin measurements from blood samples following ENSURE gavage. (G) Total GLP-1 levels measured from blood samples obtained before and after ENSURE gavage. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined with three‐way analysis of variance for main effects. N = 9–11/group; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. Analysis of each time point was determined by two-way analysis of variance for main effects. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. Pre- and post-gavage analyses were performed using Student’s t-test; *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ****P<0.0001.

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  Figure 3. Plasma Hormones measured from terminal plasma 16 weeks post-injury (A) C-Peptide (B) Leptin (C) GIP (D) Glucagon (E) GLP-1 (F) DPP4. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Analysis of each hormone was determined by two-way analysis of variance for main effects of injury and diet; P<0.05, P<0.01.

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  Figure 4. Gene expression and immunofluorescence staining of the pancreas Gene expression by real-time PCR for (A) glucagon (gcg), (B) GLP-1 receptor (glp1r), and (C) insulin receptor (ins1). (D) Fluorescent immunohistochemistry in the pancreas for insulin (red) and glucagon (green). Micrometer is 50 μm. Photos taken at 20×. (E) Total area of the islet, which includes insulin and glucagon producing cells. (F) Total area of the β-cell, which includes insulin producing cells. (G) Total area of the α-cells, which includes glucagon producing cells. Data are presented as mean ± SEM. Analysis was determined by two-way analysis of variance for main effects; *P<0.05, **P<0.01. Within-group analyses were performed using Student’s t-test. *P<0.05, Scale bar: 25 µms.