We report on the effect of the tungsten (W) cathode in controlling the morphology and properties of titanium (Ti) anodic oxide layer via an electrochemical anodization process. The content of ammonium fluoride (NH4F) was varied in ethylene glycol (EG) electrolyte containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in order to obtained the high ordered nanotubular structure. When amount of NH4F was upto 5 wt%, highly ordered WO3-TiO2 nanotubes structure was observed. If insufficient amount of NH4F is applied, the nanoporous structure will be favored. Highly ordered WO3-TiO2 nanotubes structure exhibited higher photocurrent density ( 0.9 mA/cm2) as compared to the WO3-TiO2 nanoporous structure.
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Lai et al. (2012) studied this question.
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