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The fluorescence intensity of 2,3,5,6-tetrakis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (TPPZ) begins to increase at concentrations of metal ions (Mn+) above the 1:2 ratio of metal ion concentration to the initial concentration of TPPZ ([Mn+]/[TPPZ]0 > 0.5), when a 2:1 complex of TPPZ with Mn+ [(TPPZ)2-Mn+] is converted to a 1:1 complex of TPPZ with Mn+ (TPPZ-Mn+), which exhibits strong fluorescence.
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Yuasa et al. (2006) studied this question.
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