Euler–Lagrangian Multiphysics Coupling Framework for Particle-Laden High-Speed Flows

Particle-laden effects in high-speed flows require a multiphase prediction technique with varying fidelity of thermochemical models, depending on the simulation conditions of interest. This requirement makes the development of a conventional monolithic solver challenging because it must manage the different fidelities of the thermochemical models within a single computational framework. To address this, the present study proposes a multisolver framework for coupled Euler–Lagrangian predictions applicable to various particle-laden high-speed flow conditions. Volumetric and surface couplings are established between a particle solver, OpenFOAM-based Lagrangian Coupler (ORACLE), and a thermochemical nonequilibrium flow solver based on an adaptable data exchange algorithm. The developed framework is then verified by predicting dusty flat-plate compressible flows, particle-laden supersonic nozzle flows, and aerothermal heating around a hypersonic Martian atmospheric entry capsule. Finally, a quasi-one-dimensional approximation is proposed in conjunction with a surrogate method to efficiently and accurately predict particle-laden surface erosion, with quantified parametric uncertainty, for hypersonic aerothermal characterization.