A 25-Year Scoping Review of Integrated Theoretical Frameworks in Digital IT-Based Behavior Change Tools

Digital behavior change tools increasingly integrate constructs from multiple theoretical traditions, yet there is limited cross-domain understanding of how these frameworks are combined and which outcomes they are used to explain. This scoping review therefore aimed to map integrated theoretical frameworks used in digital IT-based behavior change tools from 1999 to 2025, focusing on theory combinations, outcome types, intervention contexts, and research gaps. Following PRISMA-ScR and a registered protocol (PROSPERO CRD42022285741), searches across six databases identified 62 eligible studies. Twenty-nine theories and models were identified, with Self-Determination Theory (35%) and the Theory of Planned Behavior (29%) being the most prevalent. Behavior-change-oriented frameworks were more commonly associated with target behavioral outcomes, whereas technology-adoption-oriented frameworks primarily explained intention, acceptance, continuance, and technology use. Health and fitness interventions dominated the evidence base (44%), followed by online learning (23%) and mobile commerce (11%). Long-term follow-up and explicit theory-to-behavior-change-technique mapping remained limited. Overall, the review provides a 25-year cross-domain synthesis of theoretical integration in digital behavior change tools and highlights the need for clearer theory–intervention alignment, longer-term evaluation, and broader application across underrepresented digital contexts.