Socioeconomic inequality shapes urban bird richness: Evidence for the luxury effect in Bogotá, Colombia

Q: What does this research mean for the field?

In Bogotá, Colombia, wealthier neighborhoods host higher bird biodiversity, confirming that the 'luxury effect' extends to highly stratified cities of the Global South. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.CONFIRMATORY. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.SUPPORTS_CONSENSUS.

Rodrigo Mutis; Dolors Armenteras

doi:10.1007/s11252-026-02067-4

September 4, 2026Urban EcosystemsOpen Access

Socioeconomic inequality shapes urban bird richness: Evidence for the luxury effect in Bogotá, Colombia

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Key Points

To determine whether socioeconomic stratification and land value drive urban bird richness and distribution in a biodiverse Global South megacity.
Extracted bird observation records from the eBird citizen science database alongside socioeconomic variables including land values and neighborhood socioeconomic strata.
Modeled bird distributions using spatial autoregressive (SAR) and spatial error models (SEM) to account for spatial autocorrelation across urban sectors.
Over 50% of evaluated bird species exhibited positive associations with higher land values, displaying significant spatial clustering in wealthier neighborhoods.
Urban tree species richness correlated positively with bird richness (r = 0.47, p < 0.001), explaining 23% of the variation, with ornamental and native trees concentrated in affluent zones.
Guild-specific responses diverged; aquatic and migratory species displayed minimal socioeconomic dependence, whereas generalist species showed no clear spatial pattern.

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Implication

Spatial modeling study reveals positive associations between neighborhood wealth and bird richness in an urban megacity, highlighting unequal biodiversity access across landscapes.

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Cite This Study

Mutis et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a9d1e9328139818eab21845 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11252-026-02067-4

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Socioeconomic inequality shapes urban bird richness: Evidence for the luxury effect in Bogotá, Colombia

Key Points

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Discussion

Cite This Study

Socioeconomic inequality shapes urban bird richness: Evidence for the luxury effect in Bogotá, Colombia

Key Points

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Implication

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Cite This Study

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