Autonomously vascularized cellular constructs in tissue engineering: opening a new perspective for biomedical science

Introduction Cellular homeostasis and vascularization Importance of vascularization: historical review Multicellular implants in vivo Models of axial vascular induction Development of the AV loop model Angiogenesis in multicellular implants in vivo: authors' experience Physiology of angiogenesis in the AV loop Axially vascularized constructs as tools for research Conclusion Abstract In tissue engineering cell cultures play a crucial role besides the matrix materials for the end of substituting lost tissue functions. The cell itself is situated at the cross‐roads leading to different orders of scale, from molecule to organism and different levels of function, from biochemistry to macrophysiology. Extensive in vitro investigations have dissected a vast amount of cellular phenomena and the role of a number of bioactive substances has been elucidated in the past. Further, recombinant DNA technologies allow modulation of the expression profiles of virtually all kinds of cells. However, issues of vascularization in vivo limit transferability of these observations and restrict upscaling into clinical applications. Novel in vivo models of vascularization have evolved inspired from reconstructive microsurgical concepts and they encompass axial neovascularization by means of vascular induction. This work represents a brief description of latest developments and potential applications of neovascularization and angiogenesis in tissue engineering.