Effects of X-Ray Irradiation on the Frequency-Temperature Behavior of AT -Cut Quartz Resonators

Results of an investigation of the effects of x-ray irradiation on AT-cut resonators fabricated from natural quartz, synthetic quartz grown on several different cuts of seed plates, and synthetic quartz containing aluminum or germanium as an impurity are reported. The differences in the frequency-temperature characteristics of AT-cut resonators fabricated from natural quartz and all synthetic quartz investigated are known. These differences are nullified by x-ray irradiation of all the synthetic quartz except one which contains germanium. The effect of x-ray irradiation can be removed by thermal bleaching at temperatures between 200 and 500^∘{}C for a few hours. The thermal-bleaching temperature is different for different types of quartz.