25‑OH‑PPD inhibits hypertrophy on diabetic cardiomyopathy via the PI3k/Akt/GSK‑3β signaling pathway

Figures

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  Figure 1. Effects of PPD on CK-MB, BNP levels and on CVP in DMCM rats. (A) CK-MB levels were increased in DMCM rats, following PPD treatment of the rats. (B) Effects of PPD on BNP levels in DMCM rats. CK-MB levels were increased in the DMCM groups. PPD reduced the levels of BNP. (C) Effects of PPD on CVF in DMCM rats. PPD reduced the levels of CK-MB. The values are presented as the mean ± SD, n=10. **P<0.01 vs. the Normal group; ##P<0.01 vs. the DMCM group; $$P<0.01 vs. the PPD group. PPD, 25-OH-PPD; CK-MB, creatine phosphokinase isoenzyme; BNP, brain natriuretic peptide; CVP, myocardial collagen fraction; DMCM, diabetic cardiomyopathy.

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  Figure 2. Effects of PPD on VCAM-1 and α-SMA levels in DMCM rats. (A) PPD reduced the levels of VCAM-1. VCAM-1 levels were increased in each DMCM group. VCAM-1 levels were partially increased in the PPD/LY294002 and PPD/LiCl groups. (B) Effects of PPD on α-SMA in DMCM rats. PPD reduced the levels of α-SMA. α-SMA levels were increased in each DMCM group and were partially increased in the PPD/LY294002 and PPD/LiCl groups. The values are presented as mean ± standard deviation, n=10. **P<0.01 vs. the Normal group; ##P<0.01 vs. the DMCM group; $P<0.05 and $$P<0.01 vs. the PPD group. PPD, 25-OH-PPD; VCAM-1, vascular adhesion molecule 1; α-SMA, α-smooth muscle actin; DMCM, diabetic cardiomyopathy; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor.

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  Figure 3. PPD reduced (A and B) TGF-β1 and (A and C) CTGF (expression levels in the heart tissues of diabetic rats. The values are presented as the mean ± SD. *P<0.05, **P<0.01 vs. the Normal group; ##P<0.01 vs. the DMCM group; $P<0.05 and $$P<0.01 vs. the PPD group. PPD, 25-OH-PPD; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; DMCM, diabetic cardiomyopathy.

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  Figure 4. Effects of PPD on TGF-β1 and CTGF levels. PPD reduced the expression levels of TGF-β1 and CTGF in the heart tissues of diabetic rats. The values are presented as mean ± SD, n=10. **P<0.01 vs. the Normal group; ##P<0.01 vs. the DMCM group; $$P<0.01 vs. the PPD group. PPD, 25-OH-PPD; TGF-β1, transforming growth factor beta 1; CTGF, connective tissue growth factor; DMCM, diabetic cardiomyopathy.

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  Figure 5. PPD activates the PI3k/Akt/GSK-3 β signaling pathway. PPD increased p-Akt levels and decreased the expression levels of p-GSK-3β. p-Akt levels were suppressed and GSK-3β levels were enhanced in the PPD/LY294002 group. The expression levels of p-Akt were increased, whereas the expression levels of GSK-3β were decreased in the PPD/LiCl group. (A) Western blotting of p-Akt and Akt levels. (B) Western blotting of p-GSK-3β and GSK-3β levels. The values are presented as mean ± SD, n=10. **P<0.01 vs. the NS group; ##P<0.01 vs. the DMCM group; $P<0.05 and $$P<0.01 vs. the PPD group. PPD, 25-OH-PPD; GSK-3 β, inhibitor of glycogen synthase kinase 3β; p-, phosphorylated; DMCM, diabetic cardiomyopathy.