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Remarkable features of gas electron multipliers (GEMs) make them attractive for numerous applications in high-energy physics, nuclear physics, astrophysics, and the medical-imaging field. This review presents the results of research and development of GEM-based radiation detectors. The operating principles of GEMs and their main characteristics, including the physics of multistage GEMs and their operation in pure noble gases, are expounded. GEM-based detectors of ionizing radiations are considered. In particular, the data on tracking detectors are briefly described, while more detailed data, including the data on two-phase avalanche detectors, are presented for detectors operated at high pressures and cryogenic temperatures. A special Section is devoted to the development of GEM-based gas photodetectors.
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A. Buzulutskov (2007) studied this question.
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