Optical pumping by a single-frequency cw ring dye laser of thick sodium vapor targets (NL>10¹³ atoms/cm²) without buffer gas has been investigated for application in a polarized ion source. The atomic polarization of the sodium was determined from the optical rotation of a second dye laser tuned midway between the D lines. Rate-equation calculations reproduce the experimental data and predict very high polarizations ($P>~0.8$) with the use of one or more single-frequency dye lasers in thick alkali-metal vapor targets.
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Cornelius et al. (1982) studied this question.