A Ti3Alp/Ti composite structure was prepared as a surface layer on Ti–6Al–4V alloy substrate via additive friction-stir processing method, contributed by its coupled thermal–mechanical effect and the Ti/Al in-situ reaction mechanism during the fabrication. Post annealing for composition homogenization was also employed. The reinforcements of Ti–Al intermetallic particles benefited the surface-hardening and anti-wear performance. The formation mechanism and strengthening effect were further elucidated.
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Li et al. (2014) studied this question.
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