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Multifunctional compact layers of rare-earth (RE)-doped tin oxide (SnO2:(Yb3+, RE3+), RE = Eu, Dy, Er, etc.) demonstrate a reduced recombination rate of electron–hole pairs, an enhanced transparency, a broadened light absorption range, and an enhanced long-term stability of the photovoltaic device.
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Xiao et al. (2016) studied this question.
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