A numerical model for analyzing backward-wave oscillators (BWOs) operating near the upper edge of the transmission band is presented. The model is used to calculate starting currents for two finite length devices, an X-band BWO (f=8.4 GHz) and a J-band BWO (f=5.5 GHz). The operating frequency and efficiency predicted by the nonlinear numerical simulations are compared with experimental data for each device.
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Miller et al. (1994) studied this question.
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