Adrenomedullin Is a Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker for Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage

Figure 1. Circulating AM levels increase in hemorrhagic stroke patients. AM levels were measured by RIA in 50 healthy volunteers (CTL) and in 64 hemorrhagic stroke patients. In patients, blood samples were taken on admission (d0), 24 h later (d1), and at hospital discharge (d7). Box plots represent the interquartile range with the median as a horizontal line. Whiskers encompass the maximum and minimum values of the population. ****: p < 0.0001, compared to CTL.

Figure 2. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve showing the predictive power of AM levels on whether experimental subjects belong in the healthy or disease groups. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.89, with 80.0% sensitivity and 100% specificity (p < 0.0001).

Figure 3. Evolution of AM levels through time in patients with favorable (green lines) or unfavorable (orange lines) outcome, as measured by the NIHSS (A) and the mRankin (B) scales. Patients with a positive evolution of the disease were characterized by an initial elevation of AM levels from d0 to d1 followed by a decline to initial levels by d7. Patients with unfavorable outcome had no significant changes in AM levels. Bars represent the mean and SD of all patients in the group. *: p < 0.05 vs. d0; #: p < 0.05 vs. d1; ##: p < 0.01 vs. d1.

Figure 4. Circulating NOx levels in hemorrhagic stroke patients. NOx levels were measured in the same healthy volunteers (CTL) and hemorrhagic stroke patients as in Figure 1. In patients, blood samples were taken on admission (d0), 24 h later (d1), and at hospital discharge (d7). Box plots represent the interquartile range with the median as a horizontal line. Whiskers encompass the maximum and minimum values of the population. *: p < 0.05; ***: p < 0.001 vs. CTL.