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promotes M1-like macrophage polarization, reversing immunosuppressive TME, and locally released chemotherapeutics potentiate antitumor immune response; both facilitate PD1/PD-L1 checkpoint blockade combined immunotherapy. Taken together, therapies of CT-EVs-IT assisted by LIFU contribute to achieve amplified antitumor benefits.
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Tan et al. (2020) studied this question.
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