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Consideration of substitution techniques for reliable design is usually based upon statistical independence of failures of operating and spare components. A method of design of a reliable system, consisting of many operating and spare components, for the case of statistical relation between failures of operating and spare components is considered. In a number of cases more reliable operation of systems can be achieved by providing substituting reservation, instead of permanent switching, to a spare (or ``hot'' reserve) component. Effective usage of a single spare component substituted for several operating components is considered.
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M. A. Sinitsa (1960) studied this question.
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