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A new method for the study of phase transitions in classical statistical mechanics, by sampling a Gaussian energy distribution instead of a Boltzmann distribution, is applied to the Z(2) and U(1) lattice gauge theories. The method is effective at identifying and measuring first-order transitions. The phase diagram of the U(1) gauge theory with both charge-1 and charge-2 interactions is described by this approach.
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Hetherington et al. (1987) studied this question.
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