Effects of salvianolic acid A on intestinal microbiota and lipid metabolism disorders in Zucker diabetic fatty rats

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Effect of SalA on insulin resistance in ZDF rats. A Changes in food intake of rats in each group; B BW changes of rats in each group; C blood glucose levels during OGTT; D AUC of OGTT; E blood glucose levels during ITT; F AUC of ITT; G fasting serum insulin level; H HOMA-IR index. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. N = 10. One-way ANOVA test was used for data comparison between two groups, and Tukey’s test was used for the post hoc test. Data comparison between the MOD group and the NC group, ##P < 0.01; data comparison between the SalA-L, SalA-M, and SalA-H groups and the MOD group, **P < 0.01

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  Fig. 2. Effects of SalA on hepatic lipid metabolism and liver injury in ZDF rats. A HE staining of liver tissue; B Oil red O staining of liver tissue; C liver weight/BW; D serum FFA level; E, F liver TC and TG levels. N = 10. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. One-way ANOVA test was used for data comparison between two groups, and Tukey’s test was used for the post hoc test. Data comparison between the MOD group and the NC group, ##P < 0.01; data comparison between the SalA-L, SalA-M, and SalA-H groups and the MOD group, **P < 0.01

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  Fig. 3. Influence of SalA-H on the overall structural changes of intestinal microbiota in ZDF rats. A ACE index; B Chao1 index; C Shannon index; D cumulative species curve; the abscissa represents the sample size, the ordinate represents the number of OTU detected, and the blue shadow reflects the confidence interval of the curve; the results reflected the increase rate of new species observed when the sample size was continuously expanded in the process of overall sampling; E the two-dimensional ordination diagram of community composition structure of samples analyzed by PCA. Each point represents a sample, and points of different colors belong to different groups; the closer the distance between two points, the higher the similarity of microbial community structure between two samples, the smaller the difference; the percentages in brackets on the axes represent the proportion of variation in the raw data that can be explained by the corresponding principal component. F The three-dimensional ordination diagram of samples analyzed by PCA. Each point represents a sample, and points of different colors belong to different groups; the closer the distance between two points is, the higher…

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  Fig. 4. Effects of SalA on intestinal core microbial community characteristics of ZDF rats. A Intestinal microphyla classification in rats at the phylum level. A bar chart of the composition proportion of different groups of bacteria was drawn. The abscissa represents different groups. The ordinate represents the richness of bacteria, and different colors represent different types of bacteria. B Relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Tenericutes; C intestinal microphyla classification in rats at the family level. A bar chart of the composition proportion of different groups of bacteria was drawn. The abscissa represents different groups, the ordinate represents the richness of bacteria, and different colors represent different types of bacteria. D The relative abundance of Dehalobacteriaceae, Desulfovibrionaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Prevotellaceae. N = 10

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  Fig. 5. Effects of SalA on intestinal tissue, LPS, and inflammatory factors. A, B HE staining and immunohistochemical staining of intestinal tissue samples; C Occludin expression score; D RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1 in intestinal tissue, as well as the levels of E LPS, F TNF-α and G IL-6 in the serum. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. N = 10. One-way ANOVA test was used for data comparison between two groups, and Tukey’s test was used for the post hoc test. Data comparison between the MOD group and the NC group, ##P < 0.01; data comparison between the SalA-L, SalA-M, and SalA-H groups and the MOD group, *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01