Humic substances might mitigate negative effects of pyroxsulam and 2,4-D herbicides on wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) productivity

in two separate experiments: trial #1 with pyroxsulam and trial #2 with 2,4-D. Both trials included four treatments: an untreated control (T1), herbicide-only application (T2), herbicide plus HS applied three days later (T3), and herbicide plus HS applied on the same day (T4). Variables measured included the number of tillers (NT), spikelets (NS), fresh aboveground biomass (FAB), hectoliter weight (HW), and crop yield (CY). In trial #1, NT, NS, and HW were similar across treatments, but T2 showed significantly lower FAB and CY values compared to T4 and T1, suggesting that HS facilitated plant recovery. Trial #2 showed a similar pattern, with herbicide-only treatment reducing NT, NS, and CY relative to at least some HS-treated or untreated treatments, whereas FAB and HW remained unaffected. These findings suggest humic substances can mitigate the negative effects of herbicides like pyroxsulam and 2,4-D on wheat.