Recent progress and challenges of MOF-based nanocomposites in bioimaging, biosensing and biocarriers for drug delivery

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, tumor biomarkers, microRNA, and living cancer cells. MOF-based carriers are well designed in drug delivery systems and anticancer treatment therapies. Additionally, we examine the challenges and prospects of MOFs in surface modification, release of metal ions, and interaction with intracellular components, as well as their toxicity and long-term effects.