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Izumi Washitani, Ryo Osawa, Hyoji Namai, Masaru Niwa, Patterns of Female Fertility in Heterostylous Primula Sieboldii under Severe Pollinator Limitation, Journal of Ecology, Vol. 82, No. 3 (Sep., 1994), pp. 571-579
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Washitani et al. (1994) studied this question.
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