The optical emission close to the Taylor cone tips of liquid gallium and gold ion sources has been studied as a function of wavelength and ion current. The optical emission may be interpreted as due to excitations caused by binary collisions, among which Ga-Ga+ collisions play a dominant role. The release rate of neutrals from the source inferred from the optical-emission curves is consistent with the idea of contributions to the total ion current from field evaporation and field ionization, with the latter becoming increasingly important at higher currents. It is difficult to account for the origin of the neutrals by thermal evaporation at the tip.
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Venkatesan et al. (1981) studied this question.
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