The measurement of energy release rates using virtual crack extensions has been made using finite element techniques. An economic and accurate technique for calculating energy changes due to any number of virtual tip changes is presented. Mixed‐mode situations can be dealt with by observing the direction of maximum energy release rate. Examples are given including various cracks in a plate in tension, a curving crack in a general two‐dimensional shape, and a three‐dimensional crack in a plate.
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T. K. Hellen (1975) studied this question.
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