Stability of Input–Output Maps and Their Minimal Realizations in State-Linear, State-Affine, LPV, and Linear Switched Systems

Stability is often assumed in learning and identification, yet it is rarely characterized directly from input–output data. We show that an input–output family admits a stable finite-dimensional state-linear realization iff it has finite Hankel-rank and its response decays uniformly with time; for state-linear realizable maps this decay is necessarily exponential. We extend these results to state-affine, LPV, and linear switched systems via suitable input-forgetting notions, and relate forgetting to decay of impulse responses (sub-Markov parameters). In all cases, the decay/forgetting rate determines the decay rate of every minimal realization.