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SummaryRecent developments in plant design and in ion exchange resins have produced modern ion exchange systems which are reliable, efficient, economic and simple to operate. For water purification and recovery a mixture of cation exchange resins (usually containing a sulphonic acid, carboxylic acid or phosphonic acid group) and an anionic exchange resin (usually containing a quaternary ammonium, secondary amine, or tertiary amine active group) is employed. The skeletal structure of the resin used, although inactive with respect to the ion exchange behaviour, determines the life and stability of the resin in actual use.
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Wahl et al. (1988) studied this question.
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