Primary endothelial cells are guided in an agarose hydrogel scaffold that is chemically patterned with an immobilized concentration gradient of VEGF165 using multiphoton laser patterning. It is particularly compelling that, in this 3D patterned hydrogel, endothelial cells differentiate to tip and stalk cells, having the morphology that is observed in vivo.
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Aizawa et al. (2010) studied this question.
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