Z-Matrix Algorithms in Load-Flow Programs

This paper is an extension of the work by the authors on the Z-matrix load flow. The algorithm originally proposed is derived and further clarified by employing both the matrix equations with reference ground and those with a bus of the system as reference. Test results are reported on the use of the block-iteration process and the axis-reiteration process and the effect of load incorporation on convergence. Refinements in the basic algorithm are also included, with test results shown verifying the theory.