Changes of Brain Functional Connectivity in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients Receiving Peritoneal Dialysis Without Cognitive Decline

Figures

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  Figure 1. (A) Whole-brain connections by graph analysis of patients receiving peritoneal dialysis (left) and controls (right) (density = 0.2). Nodes were chosen from the 90 regions in the automated anatomical labeling (AAL) template, and the edges are shown under the condition of a threshold above 0.54. (B) Distributions of nine parameters from graph analysis. Blue dots represent controls, and red dots represent patients with PD. The columns and error bars represent the means and SD, respectively. There are significant differences between the two groups in global efficiency, characteristic path length, and betweenness centrality. PD, peritoneal dialysis; *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01.

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  Figure 2. Default-mode network (DMN) of controls and patients with PD. Connectivity map of either group is shown at left side (FWE-corrected p < 0.05), and the contrast at right side (3dClustSim-corrected p < 0.05). In the contrast map, the orange color represents significantly increased connectivity in controls, including anterior cingulate gyrus, superior and medial frontal gyrus, temporal lobe, and precuneus, whereas the blue color represents decreased connectivity in controls, including the insula, inferior parietal lobule, middle frontal gyrus, and supplemental motor area. PD, peritoneal dialysis; NC, normal controls.

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  Figure 3. Sensorimotor network (SMN) of controls and patients with PD. Connectivity map of either group is shown at the left side (FWE-corrected p < 0.05), and the contrast map at the right side (3dClustSim-corrected p < 0.05). In the contrast map, the orange color represents significantly increased connectivity in controls, including parahippocampal gyrus and insula. PD, peritoneal dialysis; NC, normal controls.

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  Figure 4. Salience network (SN) of controls and patients with PD. Connectivity map of either group is shown at the left side (FWE-corrected p < 0.05), and the contrast map at the right side (3dClustSim-corrected p < 0.05). In the contrast map, the orange color represents significantly increased connectivity in controls, including temporal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, and postcentral gyrus, whereas the blue color represents decreased connectivity in controls, mainly in the thalamus. PD, peritoneal dialysis; NC, normal controls.

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  Figure 5. Hippocampal network (HN) of controls and patients with PD. Connectivity map of either group is shown at the left side (FWE-corrected p < 0.05), and contrast map at the right side (3dClustSim-corrected p < 0.05). In the contrast map, the orange color represents significantly increased connectivity in controls, whereas the blue color represents decreased connectivity in controls. PD, peritoneal dialysis; NC, normal controls.