Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
Cu(II) precursors ligated to phenanthrolines are reduced in situ by alcohols or amines in the presence of a base (Cs(2)CO(3)) to generate Cu(I) species which are active catalysts in C-N and C-O cross-coupling reactions. The conversion Cu(II) --> Cu(I) has been evidenced and monitored by UV-vis and NMR spectroscopy.
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
Franc et al. (2010) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 10 related papers. Consider them for comparative context: