The preoperative assessment of the cancer patient

The cancer patient presents special challenges to the anesthesiologist. Cancer may have multiple effects including those due to the primary tumor, metastases, the effects and toxicity of cancer therapy, associated paraneoplastic and physiologic responses to the tumor and the strong psychological responses elicited by cancer. The preoperative evaluation of the cancer patient provides opportunities to understand the patient's medical condition and to plan management. Specific goals of the preoperative assessment include a relevant and complete patient history with emphasis on the cancer, thorough examination of the patient, appropriate diagnostic testing and formation of an anesthetic and perioperative plan. Patient education and reassurance regarding issues of safety, pain control and respect for patient preferences are important goals as well. This review provides the anesthesiologist with both general and specific information important to the systematic and complete preoperative evaluation of the patient with cancer.