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Plant-derived exosome-like nanovesicles (PELNs), ranging from 30 to 200 nm, are lipid bilayer membrane nanovesicles isolated from plant tissues that are structurally similar to mammalian exosomes. PELNs contain miRNAs, proteins, lipids, and secondary metabolites that contribute to their diverse therapeutic activities. Due to their easy availability, low immunogenicity, high biocompatibility, relative safety and cost-effectiveness, PELNs are promising therapeutic modalities and drug encapsulation and delivery. Recent studies have highlighted the potential of PELNs to enter cells, modulate cellular activities, and treat various diseases, including inflammation, obesity, and cancer in preclinical models. Despite these encouraging outcomes, standardized methods for PELNs isolation and purification methods are lacking, and the mechanisms governing their cellular uptake and therapeutic effects remain unclear. This review discusses recent developments in PELNs-related research, focusing on disease treatment, underlying mechanisms, and highlights research gaps and future prospects for clinical translation.
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Min et al. (2026) studied this question.
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