Non-periodized and Daily Undulating Periodized Resistance Training on Blood Pressure of Older Women

Figures

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  Figure 1. Flowchart of the study. NP, Non-periodized; DUP, Daily undulating periodization; CG, Control group; NO, Nitric oxide.

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  Figure 2. Training load distribution in the Non-periodized (A) and Daily undulating periodization (B) programs over 3 weeks. It is possible to observe that the training load remains constant across the non-periodized program, while it is distributed according to a wave shape in the daily undulating periodization program. RPE, Rating of perceived exertion; AU, Arbitrary units; PT, Power training; ST, Strength training.

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  Figure 3. Hemodynamic parameters of experimental groups in the overall sample. Values expressed as mean ± SD.NP, Non-periodized; DUP, Daily undulating periodization; CG, Control group; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; MAP, Mean arterial pressure; HR, Heart rate; DP, Double product; aP < 0.05 vs. Baseline; bP < 0.05 vs. CG in the 22nd week. An ANOVA [3 × 2, groups × time] was used to examine differences between NP, DUP and CG pre and post-exercise. An ANOVA [2 × 4, groups × time] was used to examine differences between NP and DUP over the 4 measurement moments (Baseline, 4th week, 16th week, and 22nd week). Dunnet was performed as the post-hoc test.

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  Figure 4. Hemodynamic parameters of experimental groups in the hypertensive subsample. Values expressed as mean ± SD.NP, Non-periodized; DUP, Daily undulating periodization; CG, Control group; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; MAP, Mean arterial pressure; HR, Heart rate; DP, Double product; aP < 0.05 vs. Baseline; bP < 0.05 vs. CG in the 22nd week. An ANOVA [3 × 2, groups × time] was used to examine differences between NP, DUP and CG pre and post-exercise. An ANOVA [2 × 4, groups × time] was used to examine differences between NP and DUP over the 4 measurement moments (Baseline, 4th week, 16th week, and 22nd week). Dunnet was performed as the post-hoc test.

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  Figure 5. Hemodynamic parameters of experimental groups in the normotensive subsample. Values expressed as mean ± SD.NP, Non-periodized; DUP, Daily undulating periodization; CG, Control group; SBP, Systolic blood pressure; DBP, Diastolic blood pressure; MAP, Mean arterial pressure; HR, Heart rate; DP, Double product; aP < 0.05 vs. Baseline; bP < 0.05 vs. CG in the 22nd week; cP < 0.05 vs. DUP in the 22nd week. An ANOVA [3 × 2, groups × time] was used to examine differences between NP, DUP and CG pre and post-exercise. An ANOVA [2 × 4, groups × time] was used to examine differences between NP and DUP over the 4 measurement moments (Baseline, 4th week, 16th week, and 22nd week). Dunnet was performed as the post-hoc test.

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  Figure 6. Biochemical parameters of experimental groups. Values expressed as mean ± SD.NP, Non-periodized; DUP, Daily undulating periodization; CG, Control group; NO, Nitric oxide; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein; HDL, High-density lipoprotein. An ANOVA [3 × 2, groups × time] was used to examine differences between NP, DUP, and CG pre and post-exercise.