Hierarchical Operation Management of Electric Vehicles for Depots With PV On-Site Generation

Solar photovoltaic (PV) generation is a promising energy cost-saving selection for depots that use electric vehicles (EVs) to deliver goods; however, the intermittency of power output renders it challenging to realize reliable and economical operations. This paper proposes a two-stage hierarchical operation management method of EVs for depots with on-site PV generation. In the day-ahead stage, considering real road networks and battery swapping mode, a coordinated scheduling model of delivery service and charging/discharging for EVs is constructed to minimize the overall energy cost and logistics delivery cost by using the forecasted PV power output. Moreover, an effective solution approach based on the natural aggregation algorithm and Floyd algorithm is developed for the model. In the actual operation stage, a model prediction control (MPC)-based rolling horizon operation strategy is proposed to correct EVs’ charging/discharging decisions with the realization of real-time PV power output, aiming at to minimize the deviation in the actual and day-ahead scheduled interactive power between the depot and upper grid. Finally, simulations are conducted to validate the proposed methods.