Diagnosis of Spontaneous Massive Fetomaternal Hemorrhage: A Case Report and Literature Review

Fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) is the passage of fetal blood through the maternal circulatory system before or during delivery. Due to the nonspecificity of clinical manifestations, FMH is rarely diagnosed. When it occurs rapidly, it could have catastrophic consequences. Decreased fetal movements and a sinusoidal cardiotocographic (CTG) for more than 30 min are characteristic findings. This paper presents a case report of a 34-year-old woman at 38 + 4 weeks with reduced fetal movements and a sinusoidal CTG. An emergency cesarean section was performed, delivering a pale newborn with a hemoglobin of 4.3 g/dL. A comprehensive review of the available literature is then reported.