The actuator response of a thin porous film of functionalized gold nanoparticles is found to be fast (< 0 .5 s) and require low voltages (< 0.6 V, see Figure), relative to other comparable systems. The mechanism of reaction is based on non‐Faradaic double‐layer charging of the films in electrolyte solution. Response can be controlled by varying the nature of the molecules coating the nanoparticles, the thickness of the film, and the electrolyte.
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Raguse et al. (2003) studied this question.
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