Controls of multi-stage tectonic evolution on gold mineralization in western Guangdong

Gold mineralization in western Guangdong occurs within the western segment of the Qin–Hang metallogenic belt in southern China. This district is structurally defined by the intersection of multiple deep-seated fault systems and has experienced intensive magmatic, metamorphic, and tectonic processes, which together indicate a strong potential for mineral exploration. Due to the complex structural deformation and significant multi-stage superimposed reworking in this district, the coupling relationship between structural chronology and mineralization has long been difficult to clarify. In contrast, geochemical methods are well-established and directly effective in tracing the sources of ore-forming materials and characterizing hydrothermal activity processes. As a result, previous studies have predominantly focused on the geochemical characteristics of the deposits, while systematic analysis of regional tectonic evolution and its ore-controlling mechanisms remains relatively insufficient. By systematically identifying and conducting geometric and kinematic analysis of various structural types, combination styles, developmental stages, and evolution processes recorded in the outcrops of the study area, the structural movements across different stratigraphic stages are determined. Additionally, the stress fields associated with each structural stage are restored. This work provides valuable predictive references for guiding gold prospecting in the district. The results suggest that western Guangdong experienced four principal stages of tectonic deformation: (1) Northwest–Southeast (NW–SE) compression during the early Paleozoic; (2) Northeast–Southwest (NE–SW) compression during the Triassic; (3) Jurassic NW–SE compression accompanied by tectonic overprinting; and (4) NW–SE extension during the Cretaceous. For deep regional mineral prospecting, the controlling effect of dome structures over the intrusion of Jurassic-Cretaceous plutons and the intersection of northeast and northwest structural trends should be carefully considered. This study underscores the importance of detailed analysis of regional tectonic evolution processes for accurately predicting gold deposit mineralization and emphasize the need for this aspect to be given sufficient attention.