Longitudinal cohort study tracks neutralizing antibody dynamics following trivalent XBB.1.5 booster vaccination, highlighting the durability of humoral immunity against evolving variants.
While the World Health Organization has declared that COVID-19 is no longer a global health emergency, 1 the ongoing evolution of SARS-CoV-2 still poses a significant threat to public health. 2 In China, following the large-scale BA.5/BF.7 outbreak in late 2022, the XBB.1.5 variant became dominant by early 2023 and caused a renewed wave of infections. In response, a trivalent (XBB.1.5/BA.5/Delta) XBB-containing recombinant protein (trivalent XBB.1.5) vaccine was approved for emergency use in June 2023. Our previous study demonstrated that the trivalent XBB.1.5 vaccine booster elicited robust neutralizing antibodies against multiple variants by day 21. 3 In this study, we conducted a 480-day longitudinal follow-up of participants in the same cohort. Detailed methods for follow-up, pseudovirus neutralization assay, and statistical analysis are provided in the Supplementary Methods .
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