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September 8, 2026Fatigue & Fracture of Engineering Materials & Structures

Deformation and Failure Characteristics of Three Sandstone Types Under True Triaxial Stress With a Fixed Lateral Stress Difference

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Authors

YLYi LongJZJie ZhangQLQin‐Yao Lv

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Overview

True triaxial testing demonstrates lithology-dependent failure transitions and strength enhancement in sandstone, indicating that higher lateral constraints suppress tensile crack opening.

Key Points

  • To examine the deformation, strength, failure mechanisms, and energy evolution of three distinct sandstone lithologies under true triaxial stress with a fixed lateral stress difference.
  • Tested weak, medium, and strong sandstone specimens under a constant intermediate principal stress of σ2 = 28 MPa.
  • Gradually increased X-direction boundary stresses while maintaining a fixed differential stress of Δσ = 3 MPa.
  • Quantified mechanical behavior through acoustic emission monitoring, strain energy evolution calculations, and plastic strain increment ratio (PSIR) measurements.
  • Increasing the X-direction boundary stress enhanced rock strength and deformation capacity across all types, with failure shifting from tensile splitting in weak sandstone to mixed tensile-shear in medium sandstone and shear-dominated failure in strong sandstone.
  • Acoustic emission and energy analyses revealed that enhanced lateral constraint suppressed crack opening, stimulated shear-related cracking, and increased elastic strain energy storage.
  • Plastic strain increment ratios showed that the anisotropy of macroscopic lateral plastic deformation progressively decreased as X-direction boundary stresses approached the σ2 level.

Cite This Study

Long et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a9fd80458e84d0ff5b47182https://doi.org/10.1111/ffe.70424
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