Modern Approaches to Enamel Remineralization

This article analyzes modern approaches to enamel remineralization based on scientific literature, systematic reviews, and clinical guidelines. Dental enamel is the hardest and most highly mineralized tissue in the human body, composed of approximately 96% hydroxyapatite. However, enamel is susceptible to demineralization through acid attacks from cariogenic bacteria, leading to the formation of white spot lesions and dental caries. The principles of minimally invasive dentistry clearly dictate the need for clinically effective measures to remineralize early enamel caries lesions.Remineralization represents a paradigm shift from traditional surgical approaches to biological management of early caries. The article examines the biological basis of enamel remineralization, traditional agents (fluoride therapies, calcium-phosphate systems), emerging biomimetic strategies (self-assembling peptides, dendrimers, hydrogels, bioactive glass, nano-hydroxyapatite), and the clinical effectiveness of each approach based on randomized controlled trials, systematic reviews, and evidence-based clinical guidelines. Special attention is given to non-fluoridated agents, including casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), nano-hydroxyapatite (nHA), and biomimetic protein matrices