Neuroimmune reprogramming: from physiology to multimorbidity

Thrombosis is a major global health problem, accounting for a significant proportion of deaths. It plays a key role in the pathogenesis of many cardiovascular diseases and multimorbid conditions. This highlights the importance of revealing the mechanism of thrombosis-associated multimorbidity and its treatment. In this review, we follow the route of neuroimmunology development from early 20th-century studies to the present concept of predictive coding. We explore neuroimmune reprogramming, linking predictive coding mismatches to low-grade inflammation, aging, and chronic diseases, emphasizing thymic dysfunction and its systemic impact. We believe that comprehension of these mechanisms offers insights into the transition from physiology to multimorbidity disease clusters associated with thrombosis. According to new evidence, aging and pathologies stem from immunosenescence. Neural processes drive immune aging, reprogramming the body towards chronic diseases and genomic instability. This work identifies critical trigger events and the point of no return (PNR) in the development of a cluster of multimorbidities associated with thrombosis. Understanding the neuroimmune reprogramming and its role in chronic diseases like thrombosis can aid in developing timely therapeutic interventions and predictive biomarkers, enhancing longevity and health.