Three recently investigated plasma oscillations have been found to be described by a nonlinear differential equation of the form d2x/dt2+ω20x+bx2+ax3=0. This equation is similar to the Duffing equation, but has many additional features. These features include additional shifts in the frequency of oscillation, asymmetry of the amplitude of oscillation, effects on the phase plane singularities, and changes in the resonance response curve. A discussion of each of these features is presented and a comparison of these features with experiment is made.
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R. A. Mahaffey (1976) studied this question.
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