Effects of two-temperature ions, magnetic field, and higher-order nonlinearity on the existence and stability of dust-acoustic solitary waves in Saturn’s F ring

Nonlinear propagation of dust-acoustic solitary waves (DASWs) in a strong magnetized dusty plasma comprising warm adiabatic variable-charged dust particles, isothermal electrons, and two-temperature ions is investigated. Applying a reductive perturbation theory, a nonlinear Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) equation for the first-order perturbed potential and a linear inhomogeneous ZK-type equation for the second-order perturbed potential are derived. However, at a certain value of high-temperature ion density, the coefficient of the nonlinear terms of both ZK and ZK-type equations vanishes. Therefore, a new set of expansion physical parameters and stretched coordinates are then used to derive a modified Zakharov-Kuznetsov (mZK) equation for the first-order perturbed potential and a mZK-type equation for the second-order perturbed potential. Stationary solutions of these equations are obtained using a renormalization method. A condition for two-temperature ions assumption is examined for various cosmic dust-laden plasma systems. It is found that this condition is satisfied for Saturn’s F ring. The effects of two-temperature ions, magnetic field, and higher-order nonlinearity on the behavior of the DASWs are discussed. To obtain the stability condition of the waves, a method based on energy consideration is used and the condition for stable solitons is derived.