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Interference is avoided by orthogonal frequency separation CDMA Code domain (De)spreading using PN codes; multi-user detection Interference is controlled by orthogonal PN codes SDMA Spatial domain Multiple antennas, CSI acquisition, beamforming, precoding, and/or muli-user detection Interference is suppressed through spatial beamforming/precoding NOMA Power domain Superposition coding and multi-user detection Interference is suppressed through multi-user detection EDMA Environment propagation domain Environment sensing, flexible antennas, RIS/STAR-RIS, and NCRs Interference is suppressed by exploiting or engineering wireless propagation features
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Zhiguo Ding (2026) studied this question.
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