Incidence and Risk Assessment of Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in Spine Surgery: A Case Report and Literature Review

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a critical medical condition characterized by a sudden decline in renal function, often resulting in severe complications and increased mortality. In the context of spine surgery, particularly for adult spine deformities, the risk of AKI is significant due to the complexity and duration of these procedures, as well as the substantial intraoperative blood loss and hemodynamic instability they can entail. Despite advancements in surgical and perioperative care, AKI remains a major concern. This paper presents a case report of AKI following spine deformity surgery and conducts a comprehensive literature review to evaluate the incidence and risk factors associated with AKI in this specific surgical population. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted across the PubMed, Medline, and Cochrane Library databases, focusing on studies published between January 2000 and December 2023. The inclusion criteria targeted studies reporting on adult patients undergoing spine surgery, specifically detailing the incidence and risk factors of AKI. Exclusion criteria included studies on pediatric patients, non-English publications, and those lacking clear AKI diagnostic criteria. Data from the selected studies were independently extracted by two reviewers and analyzed using descriptive statistics and meta-analysis techniques where applicable. The case report highlights a patient who developed AKI following extensive spine surgery for Adult Spine Deformity (ASD), detailing the clinical course, diagnostic approach, and management strategies employed. Results: The literature review revealed that the incidence of AKI in spine surgery varies widely and is influenced by factors such as patient demographics, type of surgery, and perioperative management. Identified risk factors include significant blood loss, prolonged operative time, intraoperative hypotension, and the use of nephrotoxic drugs. The findings underscore the importance of vigilant perioperative monitoring and proactive management strategies to mitigate the risk of AKI. These strategies include optimizing hemodynamic stability, minimizing blood loss, and careful management of nephrotoxic medications. Conclusions: By integrating a detailed case report with a thorough review of the existing literature, this paper aims to enhance the understanding of AKI in spine surgery and inform clinical practices to improve patient outcomes.